ContentTypes enable generic foreign keys pointing to any model. I use GenericForeignKey for features like comments, tags, or favorites on multiple content types. The framework tracks all installed models. I query with content_type and object_id. For r

AWS S3 stores static assets with high durability and availability. Bucket policies control access with JSON policy documents. CloudFront CDN distributes assets globally with edge caching. Origin Access Control (OAC) restricts S3 access to CloudFront o

Multi-step forms traditionally require complex JavaScript state management, but Hotwire makes them simple. Each step is a separate controller action that renders a Turbo Frame containing the current step's fields. Navigation between steps updates only

Docker Compose orchestrates multi-container applications with a single YAML file. The docker-compose.yml defines services, networks, and volumes declaratively. Each service maps to a container with its own image, ports, environment, and dependencies.

Tower is a library of modular middleware (called "layers") for async services. Axum is built on Tower, so you can use any Tower middleware: TimeoutLayer, CompressionLayer, TraceLayer, etc. Layers wrap services, adding behavior like logging, metrics, o

Large file uploads don’t belong on app servers. My default is: the server issues a short-lived pre-signed URL, the browser uploads directly to S3, then the server stores the object key. That keeps latency low and costs predictable. Before signing, I v

Dark mode improves usability in low-light conditions and reduces eye strain. I implement theme switching with Tailwind's dark: variant and CSS custom properties for colors. The theme preference persists in localStorage and syncs across tabs with stora

Spring Cloud provides tools for building distributed microservices. I use Spring Cloud Netflix Eureka for service discovery—services register themselves and discover others dynamically. Ribbon enables client-side load balancing. Feign creates declarat

I use Django's cache framework to avoid expensive queries and computations. The cache_page decorator caches entire view responses by URL. For more control, I use the low-level cache API to store query results or computed values. I set reasonable timeo

Django Silk profiles SQL queries, HTTP requests, and Python code. I install it in development to identify bottlenecks. It shows query counts, execution times, and duplicate queries per request. The web UI visualizes performance data. I use @silk_profi

Rack middleware sits between the web server and Rails application, providing a hook for cross-cutting concerns like request logging, metrics collection, or custom authentication. I use middleware to inject request IDs, track response times, or enforce

Long-running jobs can hit stale connections. Wrap work in with_connection and consider verify! before heavy DB usage. This reduces “PG::ConnectionBad” noise during long maintenance tasks.