Promises and async/await patterns for asynchronous JavaScript

                  // Creating a Promise
const myPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  const success = true;

  setTimeout(() => {
    if (success) {
      resolve('Operation successful!');
    } else {
      reject('Operation failed!');
    }
  }, 1000);
});

// Consuming with .then() and .catch()
myPromise
  .then(result => {
    console.log(result);
    return 'Next step';
  })
  .then(result => {
    console.log(result);
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
  })
  .finally(() => {
    console.log('Cleanup code');
  });

// Real-world example: Fetch API
function fetchUserData(userId) {
  return fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${userId}`)
    .then(response => {
      if (!response.ok) {
        throw new Error('Network response was not ok');
      }
      return response.json();
    })
    .then(data => {
      console.log('User data:', data);
      return data;
    })
    .catch(error => {
      console.error('Fetch error:', error);
      throw error;
    });
}

// Async/Await - cleaner syntax
async function fetchUserDataAsync(userId) {
  try {
    const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${userId}`);

    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error('Network response was not ok');
    }

    const data = await response.json();
    console.log('User data:', data);
    return data;
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Fetch error:', error);
    throw error;
  } finally {
    console.log('Request completed');
  }
}

// Sequential async operations
async function getFullUserProfile(userId) {
  try {
    const user = await fetchUserData(userId);
    const posts = await fetchUserPosts(userId);
    const comments = await fetchUserComments(userId);

    return {
      user,
      posts,
      comments
    };
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error fetching profile:', error);
    return null;
  }
}

// Promise.all - parallel execution
async function getFullUserProfileParallel(userId) {
  try {
    const [user, posts, comments] = await Promise.all([
      fetchUserData(userId),
      fetchUserPosts(userId),
      fetchUserComments(userId)
    ]);

    return { user, posts, comments };
  } catch (error) {
    // If ANY promise fails, entire operation fails
    console.error('Error:', error);
    return null;
  }
}

// Promise.allSettled - wait for all regardless of outcome
async function getAllUserData(userIds) {
  const promises = userIds.map(id => fetchUserData(id));
  const results = await Promise.allSettled(promises);

  results.forEach((result, index) => {
    if (result.status === 'fulfilled') {
      console.log(`User ${userIds[index]}:`, result.value);
    } else {
      console.error(`User ${userIds[index]} failed:`, result.reason);
    }
  });

  return results;
}

// Promise.race - first to complete wins
async function fetchWithTimeout(url, timeout = 5000) {
  const fetchPromise = fetch(url);
  const timeoutPromise = new Promise((_, reject) => {
    setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('Request timeout')), timeout);
  });

  try {
    const response = await Promise.race([fetchPromise, timeoutPromise]);
    return await response.json();
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error:', error.message);
    throw error;
  }
}

// Promise.any - first fulfilled promise wins
async function fetchFromMultipleSources(urls) {
  try {
    const promises = urls.map(url => fetch(url).then(r => r.json()));
    const data = await Promise.any(promises);
    console.log('First successful response:', data);
    return data;
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('All requests failed');
    throw error;
  }
}

// Creating utility functions
function delay(ms) {
  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}

async function delayedGreeting(name) {
  await delay(2000);
  return `Hello, ${name}!`;
}

// Retry logic
async function fetchWithRetry(url, retries = 3) {
  for (let i = 0; i < retries; i++) {
    try {
      const response = await fetch(url);
      if (!response.ok) throw new Error('HTTP error');
      return await response.json();
    } catch (error) {
      console.log(`Attempt ${i + 1} failed`);
      if (i === retries - 1) throw error;
      await delay(1000 * (i + 1)); // Exponential backoff
    }
  }
}

// Processing array items sequentially
async function processItemsSequentially(items) {
  const results = [];

  for (const item of items) {
    const result = await processItem(item);
    results.push(result);
  }

  return results;
}

// Processing array items in parallel
async function processItemsParallel(items) {
  const promises = items.map(item => processItem(item));
  return await Promise.all(promises);
}

// Processing with concurrency limit
async function processWithLimit(items, limit = 3) {
  const results = [];
  const executing = [];

  for (const item of items) {
    const promise = processItem(item).then(result => {
      executing.splice(executing.indexOf(promise), 1);
      return result;
    });

    results.push(promise);
    executing.push(promise);

    if (executing.length >= limit) {
      await Promise.race(executing);
    }
  }

  return await Promise.all(results);
}

// Chaining async operations
async function complexWorkflow(userId) {
  try {
    // Step 1: Fetch user
    const user = await fetchUserData(userId);
    console.log('Got user:', user.name);

    // Step 2: Fetch user's posts
    const posts = await fetchUserPosts(user.id);
    console.log(`Got ${posts.length} posts`);

    // Step 3: Process posts in parallel
    const processedPosts = await Promise.all(
      posts.map(post => enrichPostData(post))
    );

    // Step 4: Save results
    await saveProcessedData(processedPosts);

    return { user, posts: processedPosts };
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Workflow failed:', error);
    throw error;
  }
}

// Converting callback to promise
function readFilePromise(filename) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    fs.readFile(filename, 'utf8', (error, data) => {
      if (error) {
        reject(error);
      } else {
        resolve(data);
      }
    });
  });
}

// Usage
async function main() {
  try {
    const data = await readFilePromise('file.txt');
    console.log(data);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error reading file:', error);
  }
}

// Promise chaining with error recovery
async function resilientFetch(url) {
  return fetch(url)
    .then(response => response.json())
    .catch(error => {
      console.warn('Primary source failed, trying backup');
      return fetch('https://backup.example.com/data')
        .then(r => r.json());
    })
    .catch(error => {
      console.error('All sources failed');
      return { error: 'Failed to fetch data' };
    });
}

// Async iterator
async function* asyncGenerator() {
  yield await Promise.resolve(1);
  yield await Promise.resolve(2);
  yield await Promise.resolve(3);
}

async function useAsyncGenerator() {
  for await (const value of asyncGenerator()) {
    console.log(value);
  }
}