Array methods: map, filter, reduce, and functional programming

                  // Sample data
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
const users = [
  { id: 1, name: 'Alice', age: 25, active: true },
  { id: 2, name: 'Bob', age: 30, active: false },
  { id: 3, name: 'Charlie', age: 35, active: true },
  { id: 4, name: 'Diana', age: 28, active: true }
];

// MAP - Transform each element
const doubled = numbers.map(n => n * 2);
console.log(doubled); // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

const names = users.map(user => user.name);
console.log(names); // ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Diana']

const userSummaries = users.map(user => ({
  id: user.id,
  summary: `${user.name} (${user.age})`
}));

// FILTER - Select elements matching criteria
const evens = numbers.filter(n => n % 2 === 0);
console.log(evens); // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

const activeUsers = users.filter(user => user.active);
console.log(activeUsers); // Alice, Charlie, Diana

const adults = users.filter(user => user.age >= 30);
console.log(adults); // Bob, Charlie

// REDUCE - Accumulate to single value
const sum = numbers.reduce((acc, n) => acc + n, 0);
console.log(sum); // 55

const product = numbers.reduce((acc, n) => acc * n, 1);
console.log(product); // 3628800

const usersByName = users.reduce((acc, user) => {
  acc[user.name] = user;
  return acc;
}, {});
console.log(usersByName);
// { Alice: {...}, Bob: {...}, ... }

// Count occurrences
const fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'apple'];
const fruitCounts = fruits.reduce((acc, fruit) => {
  acc[fruit] = (acc[fruit] || 0) + 1;
  return acc;
}, {});
console.log(fruitCounts);
// { apple: 3, banana: 2, orange: 1 }

// FIND - Get first matching element
const firstEven = numbers.find(n => n % 2 === 0);
console.log(firstEven); // 2

const charlie = users.find(user => user.name === 'Charlie');
console.log(charlie); // { id: 3, name: 'Charlie', ... }

// FIND INDEX
const charlieIndex = users.findIndex(user => user.name === 'Charlie');
console.log(charlieIndex); // 2

// SOME - Test if any match
const hasAdults = users.some(user => user.age >= 30);
console.log(hasAdults); // true

const hasTeens = users.some(user => user.age < 20);
console.log(hasTeens); // false

// EVERY - Test if all match
const allActive = users.every(user => user.active);
console.log(allActive); // false

const allAdults = users.every(user => user.age >= 18);
console.log(allAdults); // true

// FOREACH - Iterate (no return value)
users.forEach(user => {
  console.log(`${user.name} is ${user.age} years old`);
});

// SORT - Order elements (mutates array!)
const sortedByAge = [...users].sort((a, b) => a.age - b.age);
const sortedByName = [...users].sort((a, b) =>
  a.name.localeCompare(b.name)
);

// SLICE - Extract portion (non-mutating)
const firstThree = numbers.slice(0, 3);
console.log(firstThree); // [1, 2, 3]

const lastThree = numbers.slice(-3);
console.log(lastThree); // [8, 9, 10]

// FLAT - Flatten nested arrays
const nested = [1, [2, 3], [4, [5, 6]]];
const flat1 = nested.flat();
console.log(flat1); // [1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6]]

const flat2 = nested.flat(2);
console.log(flat2); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

// FLATMAP - Map then flatten
const words = ['hello world', 'foo bar'];
const allWords = words.flatMap(phrase => phrase.split(' '));
console.log(allWords); // ['hello', 'world', 'foo', 'bar']

// Method chaining - powerful combinations
const result = users
  .filter(user => user.active)           // Get active users
  .map(user => ({ ...user, age: user.age + 1 })) // Increment age
  .sort((a, b) => a.age - b.age)         // Sort by age
  .map(user => user.name);               // Extract names

console.log(result); // ['Alice', 'Diana', 'Charlie']

// Complex example: Group and count
const transactions = [
  { type: 'deposit', amount: 100 },
  { type: 'withdrawal', amount: 50 },
  { type: 'deposit', amount: 200 },
  { type: 'withdrawal', amount: 30 }
];

const summary = transactions.reduce((acc, transaction) => {
  if (!acc[transaction.type]) {
    acc[transaction.type] = { count: 0, total: 0 };
  }
  acc[transaction.type].count++;
  acc[transaction.type].total += transaction.amount;
  return acc;
}, {});

console.log(summary);
// { deposit: { count: 2, total: 300 }, withdrawal: { count: 2, total: 80 } }

// Unique values
const duplicates = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5];
const unique = [...new Set(duplicates)];
console.log(unique); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

// Or using filter
const uniqueFilter = duplicates.filter((item, index, arr) =>
  arr.indexOf(item) === index
);

// Array intersection
const arr1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const arr2 = [3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
const intersection = arr1.filter(item => arr2.includes(item));
console.log(intersection); // [3, 4, 5]

// Array difference
const difference = arr1.filter(item => !arr2.includes(item));
console.log(difference); // [1, 2]

// Partition array
function partition(arr, predicate) {
  return arr.reduce((acc, item) => {
    acc[predicate(item) ? 0 : 1].push(item);
    return acc;
  }, [[], []]);
}

const [evensPartition, oddsPartition] = partition(
  numbers,
  n => n % 2 === 0
);

// Chunking array
function chunk(arr, size) {
  return arr.reduce((acc, _, i) => {
    if (i % size === 0) {
      acc.push(arr.slice(i, i + size));
    }
    return acc;
  }, []);
}

console.log(chunk(numbers, 3));
// [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10]]

// Compose transformations
const pipeline = [
  arr => arr.filter(n => n % 2 === 0),
  arr => arr.map(n => n * 2),
  arr => arr.reduce((sum, n) => sum + n, 0)
];

const pipelineResult = pipeline.reduce(
  (value, fn) => fn(value),
  numbers
);
console.log(pipelineResult); // Sum of doubled evens

// Object from array
const keyValuePairs = users.map(user => [user.id, user.name]);
const userMap = Object.fromEntries(keyValuePairs);
console.log(userMap); // { 1: 'Alice', 2: 'Bob', ... }

// Flat map real example
const authors = [
  { name: 'Author 1', books: ['Book A', 'Book B'] },
  { name: 'Author 2', books: ['Book C'] }
];

const allBooks = authors.flatMap(author => author.books);
console.log(allBooks); // ['Book A', 'Book B', 'Book C']