Container health checks and graceful shutdown patterns

                  // Express app with health checks and graceful shutdown
const express = require('express');
const { createServer } = require('http');

const app = express();
const server = createServer(app);

// Application state
let isReady = false;
let isShuttingDown = false;
const connections = new Set();

// Track connections for graceful shutdown
server.on('connection', (conn) => {
  connections.add(conn);
  conn.on('close', () => connections.delete(conn));
});

// Health check endpoints
app.get('/health/live', (req, res) => {
  // Liveness: is the process alive and not deadlocked?
  if (isShuttingDown) {
    return res.status(503).json({
      status: 'shutting_down',
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
    });
  }

  res.json({
    status: 'alive',
    uptime: process.uptime(),
    memoryUsage: process.memoryUsage(),
    timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
  });
});

app.get('/health/ready', (req, res) => {
  // Readiness: can this instance handle requests?
  if (!isReady || isShuttingDown) {
    return res.status(503).json({
      status: 'not_ready',
      isReady,
      isShuttingDown,
    });
  }

  res.json({
    status: 'ready',
    timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
  });
});

app.get('/health/startup', (req, res) => {
  // Startup: has the app finished initializing?
  if (!isReady) {
    return res.status(503).json({ status: 'starting' });
  }
  res.json({ status: 'started' });
});

// Middleware: reject requests during shutdown
app.use((req, res, next) => {
  if (isShuttingDown) {
    res.setHeader('Connection', 'close');
    return res.status(503).json({
      error: 'Server is shutting down',
    });
  }
  next();
});

// Application routes
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  res.json({ message: 'Hello, World!' });
});

// Startup sequence
async function startup() {
  console.log('Starting application...');

  try {
    // Initialize database connection
    // await db.connect();
    console.log('Database connected');

    // Initialize cache
    // await redis.connect();
    console.log('Cache connected');

    // Warm up caches if needed
    // await warmupCache();

    isReady = true;
    console.log('Application is ready');
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Startup failed:', error);
    process.exit(1);
  }
}

// Graceful shutdown
async function shutdown(signal) {
  console.log(`Received ${signal}, starting graceful shutdown...`);

  isShuttingDown = true;
  isReady = false;

  // 1. Stop accepting new connections
  server.close(() => {
    console.log('HTTP server closed');
  });

  // 2. Wait for in-flight requests (with timeout)
  const shutdownTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
    console.error('Shutdown timeout, forcing exit');
    process.exit(1);
  }, 30000); // 30 second timeout

  // 3. Close existing keep-alive connections
  for (const conn of connections) {
    conn.end();
  }

  // Give connections time to drain
  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5000));

  // 4. Destroy remaining connections
  for (const conn of connections) {
    conn.destroy();
  }

  try {
    // 5. Close external connections
    // await db.disconnect();
    console.log('Database disconnected');

    // await redis.disconnect();
    console.log('Cache disconnected');

    clearTimeout(shutdownTimeout);
    console.log('Graceful shutdown complete');
    process.exit(0);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error during shutdown:', error);
    clearTimeout(shutdownTimeout);
    process.exit(1);
  }
}

// Signal handlers
process.on('SIGTERM', () => shutdown('SIGTERM'));
process.on('SIGINT', () => shutdown('SIGINT'));

// Unhandled errors
process.on('uncaughtException', (error) => {
  console.error('Uncaught exception:', error);
  shutdown('uncaughtException');
});

process.on('unhandledRejection', (reason) => {
  console.error('Unhandled rejection:', reason);
});

// Start server
const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000;

server.listen(PORT, async () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${PORT}`);
  await startup();
});