Kubernetes StatefulSets for stateful workloads

                  # Headless Service for stable DNS
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: postgres
  namespace: production
  labels:
    app: postgres
spec:
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: postgres
  ports:
    - port: 5432
      targetPort: 5432

---
# StatefulSet for PostgreSQL
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: postgres
  namespace: production
spec:
  serviceName: postgres
  replicas: 3
  podManagementPolicy: OrderedReady
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: postgres
  updateStrategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate:
      partition: 0
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: postgres
    spec:
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 120
      securityContext:
        runAsUser: 999
        fsGroup: 999
      initContainers:
        - name: init-permissions
          image: busybox:1.36
          command:
            - sh
            - -c
            - |
              chown -R 999:999 /var/lib/postgresql/data
          volumeMounts:
            - name: postgres-data
              mountPath: /var/lib/postgresql/data
      containers:
        - name: postgres
          image: postgres:16-alpine
          ports:
            - containerPort: 5432
              name: postgres
          env:
            - name: POSTGRES_DB
              value: myapp
            - name: POSTGRES_USER
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: postgres-credentials
                  key: username
            - name: POSTGRES_PASSWORD
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: postgres-credentials
                  key: password
            - name: PGDATA
              value: /var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
            # Replication config for replicas
            - name: POD_NAME
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: metadata.name
          resources:
            requests:
              cpu: 500m
              memory: 1Gi
            limits:
              cpu: "2"
              memory: 4Gi
          readinessProbe:
            exec:
              command:
                - pg_isready
                - -U
                - postgres
            initialDelaySeconds: 10
            periodSeconds: 10
            timeoutSeconds: 5
          livenessProbe:
            exec:
              command:
                - pg_isready
                - -U
                - postgres
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            periodSeconds: 30
            timeoutSeconds: 5
          volumeMounts:
            - name: postgres-data
              mountPath: /var/lib/postgresql/data
            - name: postgres-config
              mountPath: /etc/postgresql/conf.d
      volumes:
        - name: postgres-config
          configMap:
            name: postgres-config
  volumeClaimTemplates:
    - metadata:
        name: postgres-data
      spec:
        accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
        storageClassName: gp3
        resources:
          requests:
            storage: 50Gi

---
# ConfigMap for PostgreSQL tuning
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: postgres-config
  namespace: production
data:
  custom.conf: |
    max_connections = 200
    shared_buffers = 1GB
    effective_cache_size = 3GB
    work_mem = 16MB
    maintenance_work_mem = 256MB
    wal_buffers = 16MB
    checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9
    random_page_cost = 1.1
    log_min_duration_statement = 1000
    log_statement = 'ddl'

---
# StorageClass
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: gp3
provisioner: ebs.csi.aws.com
parameters:
  type: gp3
  encrypted: "true"
  iops: "3000"
  throughput: "125"
reclaimPolicy: Retain
volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer
allowVolumeExpansion: true