Maria Garcia

Performance monitoring identifies slow queries and bottlenecks. I use EXPLAIN ANALYZE to profile query execution. pgstatstatements tracks query statistics over time. Slow query logs capture problematic queries. Query execution time, I/O, and buffer us

Backups protect against data loss from failures, corruption, or human error. I use full backups for complete database snapshots. Incremental backups save only changes since last backup. Point-in-time recovery restores to specific moments. Logical back

Database security protects data from unauthorized access. I use GRANT/REVOKE for permissions—SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Role-based access control groups permissions. Row-level security filters data per user. Column-level security restricts sensit

Full-text search finds documents matching text queries. PostgreSQL tsvector stores processed documents optimized for search. I use tsquery for search queries with operators—AND, OR, NOT. GIN indexes on tsvector columns enable fast search. Text search

Partitioning splits large tables into smaller physical pieces. Range partitioning divides by value ranges—dates, IDs. List partitioning groups by specific values—regions, categories. Hash partitioning distributes evenly across partitions. I use partit

Replication copies data across multiple servers for redundancy and scalability. Master-slave replication has one writable primary, multiple read-only replicas. I use read replicas to scale read-heavy workloads. Master-master allows writes to multiple

Stored procedures encapsulate business logic in database. Functions return values; procedures don't (PostgreSQL 11+). I use functions for reusable calculations, data transformations. PL/pgSQL provides procedural language—variables, loops, conditionals

Normalization eliminates redundancy and anomalies. 1NF requires atomic values—no arrays in columns. 2NF eliminates partial dependencies—all non-key columns depend on entire primary key. 3NF removes transitive dependencies—non-key columns don't depend

Transactions ensure data consistency through ACID properties. Atomicity guarantees all-or-nothing execution. Consistency maintains database constraints. Isolation prevents concurrent transaction interference. Durability persists committed changes. I u

EXPLAIN reveals database execution plans. I use EXPLAIN ANALYZE for actual runtime statistics. Understanding plan nodes—Seq Scan, Index Scan, Nested Loop, Hash Join—guides optimization. Cost estimates predict query expense. Rows estimates show expecte

PostgreSQL JSONB stores binary JSON efficiently with indexing support. I use JSONB for semi-structured data, dynamic attributes, event logs. JSONB operators enable querying nested data—->, ->>, @>, ?. GIN indexes accelerate JSONB queries.

CTEs improve query readability and maintainability. WITH clauses define named subqueries referenced in main query. I use CTEs to break complex queries into logical steps. Recursive CTEs handle hierarchical data—org charts, category trees, graph traver