postgresql

PostgreSQL JSONB stores binary JSON efficiently with indexing support. I use JSONB for semi-structured data, dynamic attributes, event logs. JSONB operators enable querying nested data—->, ->>, @>, ?. GIN indexes accelerate JSONB queries.

Advanced aggregations extract insights from data. ROLLUP creates hierarchical subtotals. CUBE generates all possible grouping combinations. GROUPING SETS specifies exact grouping combinations. FILTER clause conditions aggregations. String aggregation

Connection pooling reuses database connections across requests. Creating connections is expensive—pooling amortizes overhead. I use PgBouncer for PostgreSQL, ProxySQL for MySQL. Session pooling maintains session state. Transaction pooling is more effi

Time-series data tracks measurements over time—metrics, logs, sensor data. I use TimescaleDB for time-series workloads. Hypertables automatically partition by time. Continuous aggregates precompute rollups. Time-based retention policies auto-delete ol

Replication copies data across multiple servers for redundancy and scalability. Master-slave replication has one writable primary, multiple read-only replicas. I use read replicas to scale read-heavy workloads. Master-master allows writes to multiple

JSON and JSONB store semi-structured data. JSONB is binary format—faster, indexable. I use JSONB for flexible schemas, API responses, configuration. JSON operators extract values, filter documents. GIN indexes enable fast JSONB queries. Containment op

Schema migrations evolve database structure safely. I use migration tools like Flyway, Liquibase, or framework migrations. Version-controlled migrations track schema changes. Up migrations apply changes, down migrations revert. Idempotent migrations c

PostgreSQL's jsonb columns provide schema flexibility for semi-structured data without sacrificing query performance. I use JSON columns for user preferences, feature flags, or metadata that varies by record type. Unlike traditional EAV patterns, json