The Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) automatically scales Pod replicas based on observed metrics. It monitors CPU utilization, memory usage, or custom metrics via the metrics-server. The minReplicas and maxReplicas fields set scaling bounds. targetCPUU

ConfigMaps store non-sensitive configuration as key-value pairs. Secrets store sensitive data like passwords, tokens, and certificates in base64 encoding. Both can be consumed as environment variables or mounted as files. ConfigMaps created with kubec

Kubernetes Services provide stable networking for ephemeral Pods. A ClusterIP service exposes Pods internally within the cluster. NodePort opens a static port on every node for external access. LoadBalancer provisions a cloud load balancer. Services u

Kubernetes orchestrates containerized workloads at scale. A Pod is the smallest deployable unit, wrapping one or more containers. Deployments manage Pod replicas with declarative updates and rollbacks. The spec.replicas field sets desired Pod count. s

Docker Compose orchestrates multi-container applications with a single YAML file. The docker-compose.yml defines services, networks, and volumes declaratively. Each service maps to a container with its own image, ports, environment, and dependencies.

Docker packages applications into lightweight, portable containers. A Dockerfile defines build instructions—each instruction creates an immutable layer. The FROM directive sets the base image. COPY and ADD bring files into the image. RUN executes comm

Responsive design adapts layouts to different screen sizes. I use media queries with @media to apply styles conditionally based on viewport width. Mobile-first approach starts with mobile styles, then adds desktop features. Breakpoints at common devic

TypeScript adds static typing to JavaScript for better code quality. I define types with interfaces and type aliases for clear contracts. Type annotations like : string, : number catch errors at compile time. Generics enable reusable, type-safe compon

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) creates resolution-independent graphics. I manipulate SVG elements with DOM methods like createElementNS(). Attributes control SVG properties: setAttribute(), getAttribute(). Animations use CSS or SMIL for declarative ef

The Canvas API provides a drawable bitmap surface for graphics. I use <canvas> elements with 2D rendering context via getContext('2d'). Drawing methods include fillRect(), strokeRect(), arc(), and lineTo(). The save() and restore() methods manag

WebSockets enable real-time, full-duplex communication between client and server. I create WebSocket connections with new WebSocket(url) for persistent connections. The protocol uses ws:// or wss:// (secure) URLs. Events like onopen, onmessage, onerro

Web storage APIs persist data in the browser. I use localStorage for permanent client-side storage across sessions. The sessionStorage API stores data for single sessions that clears when tabs close. Both provide simple key-value storage with 5-10MB l